- Molecular NameMorphine
- Synonym(-)-Heroin hydrochloride; (-)-Morphine; D-(-)-Morphine; Diacetylmorphine hydrochloride; Diamorphine hydrochloride; Heroin hydrochloride; Heroine hydrochloride; Morphin; Morphina; morphine; Morphine Sulfate; Morphinum; O,O'-Diacetylmorphine hydrochloride
- Weight285.343
- Drugbank_IDDB00295
- ACS_NO57-27-2
- Show 3D model
- LogP (experiment)0.76
- LogP (predicted, AB/LogP v2.0)0.87
- pka8.21
- LogD (pH=7, predicted)-0.36
- Solubility (experiment)0.149 mg/ml
- LogS (predicted, ACD/Labs)(ph=7)-0.53
- LogSw (predicted, AB/LogsW2.0)1.96
- Sw (mg/ml) (predicted, ACD/Labs)9.48
- No.of HBond Donors2
- No.of HBond Acceptors4
- No.of Rotatable Bonds0
- TPSA52.93
- StatusFDA approved
- AdministrationInhalation (smoking), insufflation (snorting), oral, rectal, subcutaneous (S.C), intramuscular (I.M), and intravenous (I.V)
- PharmacologyAn extremely potent opiate analgesic psychoactive drug, is the principal active ingredient in Papaver somniferum (opium poppy, or simply opium), is considered to be the prototypical opioid.
- Absorption_value90.0
- Absorption (description)N/A
- Caco_2N/A
- Bioavailability24.0
- Protein binding35.0
- Volume of distribution (VD)3.3 L/kg
- Blood/Plasma Partitioning ratio (D_blood)N/A
- MetabollsmMorphine is subject to extensive first-pass metabolism (a large proportion is broken down in the liver), so if taken orally, only 40-50% of the dose reaches the central nervous system. Resultant plasma levels after subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), and IV injection are all comparable. After IM or SC injections, morphine plasma levels peak in approximately 20 minutes, and after oral administration levels peak in approximately 30 minutes. Morphine is metabolised primarily in the liver and approximately 87% of a dose of morphine is excreted in the urine within 72 hours of administration. Morphine is primarily metabolized into morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G). via glucuronidation by phase II metabolism enzyme UDP-glucuronosyl transferase-2B7 (UGT2B7). About 60% of morphine is converted to M3G, and 6–10% is converted to M6G. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of enzymes involved in phase I metabolism plays a lesser role. Not only does the metabolism occur in the liver but it may also take place in the brain and the kidneys. M3G does not undergo opioid receptor binding and has no analgesic effect. M6G binds to mu-receptors and is a more potent analgesic than morphine. Morphine may also be metabolized into small amounts of normorphine, codeine, and hydromorphone. Metabolism rate is determined by gender, age, diet, genetic makeup, disease state (if any) and use of other medications.
- Half life1.9 h
- ExcretionRenal 90%, biliary 10%
- Urinary Excretion4
- Clerance24 ml/min/kg
- ToxicitySymptoms of overdose include cold, clammy skin, flaccid muscles, fluid in the lungs, lowered blood pressure, "pinpoint" or dilated pupils, sleepiness leading to stupor and coma, slowed breathing, and slow pulse rate.
- LD50 (rat)LD50=461 mg/kg
- LD50 (mouse)LD50=600 mg/kg